Alcohol consumption has numerous and well-documented results on the human immune system and its means to defend in opposition to infective brokers. While pulmonary associated infections can happen in wholesome people, binge alcohol use is acknowledged as a significant well being threat issue (Nelson et al., 1991). Although binge alcohol consumption has been thought of as a threat issue for the improvement of pulmonary infections, no experimental research have investigated the outcomes of a single binge alcohol publicity throughout an infection.
MH-S alveolar macrophages (AMs) are uncovered to a single binge alcohol dose prior to an infection for three h. The macrophage monolayer is then contaminated to permit for engulfment, adopted by removing of extracellular micro organism to assess the intracellular killing capability of contaminated macrophages over time. We have utilized this assay to reveal that low alcohol publicity considerably suppressed the uptake and killing of much less virulent Burkholderia thailandensis (B. thailandensis) by AMs. More just lately we discovered that activated AMs with interferon (IFN)-γ incubated in alcohol (0.08%) for three h prior to an infection confirmed considerably decrease bacterial uptake at 2 and eight h submit an infection, which lead to B. thailandensis survival and a ~2.5-fold replication enhance in contrast to controls (Jimenez et al., 2017).
These outcomes present insights into binge alcohol consumption, a culturally prevalent threat issue, as a predisposing issue for pulmonary bacterial infections. This assay might be tailored to different bacterial species and host cell sorts to assess tissue particular results of alcohol throughout an infection. A key assay to assess the results of a single binge alcohol publicity on the interactions between micro organism and alveolar macrophage is a binge alcohol intracellular invasion and killing assay.
Tensile Testing Assay for the Measurement of Tissue Stiffness in Arabidopsis Inflorescence Stem
Lignocellulosic biomass is a flexible renewable useful resource for fuels, buildings, crafts, and biomaterials. Strategies of molecularly designing lignocellulose for industrial utility has been developed by the discoveries of novel genes after the screenings of varied mutants and remodeled traces of Arabidopsis whose cell partitions might be modified in the inflorescence stem, a mannequin woody tissue. The mechanical properties are used as a quantitative index for the chemorehological habits of the genetically modified cell wall in the tissue. This parameter might be measured with tensile or bending assessments of tissue explants, the vibration evaluation of tissue habits or utilizing atomic power microscopy to probe the tissue floor. Here, we describe in element the process to decide the stiffness of methanol-fixed, rehydrated and pronase-treated inflorescence explants with a tensile testing machine primarily based on classical strategies for the willpower of cell wall extensibility.
The duplication of DNA is a elementary course of that’s required for the switch of the genetic data from father or mother to daughter cells. Aberrant DNA replication processes are related to numerous illness phenotypes, together with developmental defects, ageing problems, blood problems reminiscent of Fanconi Anemia, elevated irritation and most cancers. Therefore, the improvement of instruments to examine proteins related to error-free DNA replication processes is of paramount significance. So far, strategies to examine proteins related to nascent replication forks relied on standard immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation assays of 5′-ethylene-2′-deoxyuridine (EdU) labeled DNA (iPOND).
While significantly informative and essential, these strategies lack specificities for nascent fork interactions (e.g., IF) or assay a mean change of hundreds of thousands of cells with out single-cell decision (e.g., iPOND). The assay system described right here combines proximity ligation assay (PLA) with EdU coupled click-iT chemistry, which we termed “in situ protein interplay with nascent DNA replication forks (SIRF)”. This technique allows delicate and quantitative evaluation of protein interactions with nascent DNA replication forks with single-cell decision, and can additional be paired with standard immunofluorescence marker evaluation for added multi-parameter evaluation.

A Robust, One-step FRET Assay for Human Heparanase
Heparanase, an endo-β-D-glucuronidase, cleaves cell floor and extracellular matrix heparan sulfate (HS) chains at distinct websites and performs essential organic roles together with modulation of cell progress and metastasis. Although numerous various kinds of heparanase assays have been reported to date, most are labor intensive, advanced and/or costly to perform. We reasoned {that a} less complicated heparanase assay might be developed utilizing heparin labeled with Dabcyl and EDANS as donor and acceptor fluorophores in order to generate a FRET sign. Our outcomes present {that a} extra strong heparanase assay might be developed primarily based on the precept studied herein and extra homogeneous preparation of heparin. Yet, the assay in its present type might be used for routine screening of potential inhibitors in a high-throughput method in addition to for finding out heparanase exercise expressed in tumors in addition to organic fluids like plasma.
D-Lactate Assay Kit |
55R-1490 |
Fitzgerald |
100 assays |
EUR 689 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of D-Lactate in the research laboratory |
Lactate Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K607-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 610 |
Lactate Colorimetric Assay Kit II |
K627-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 610 |
Lactate Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K2092-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 614 |
Lactate Colorimetric Assay Kit II |
K2131-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 614 |
Amplite™ Colorimetric D-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Assay Kit |
13809 |
AAT Bioquest |
200 Tests |
EUR 306 |
|
EnzyChrom D-Lactate Assay Kit |
EDLC-100 |
BioAssay Systems |
100 |
EUR 426 |
Description: Quantitative determination of D-lactic acid by colorimetric (565nm) method. Procedure: 20 min. Kit size: 100 tests. Detection limit: 0.05 mM. Shelf life: 6 months. Shipping: on ice; storage: -20°C. |
EnzyFluo D-Lactate Assay Kit |
EFDLC-100 |
BioAssay Systems |
100 |
EUR 426 |
Description: Quantitative determination of D-lactate (lactic acid) by fluorimetric (530/585 nm) method. Procedure: 60 min. Kit size: 100 tests. Detection limit: 1 µM . Shelf life: 6 months. Shipping: on ice; storage: -20°C. |
Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K726-500 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 550 |
Amplite™ Colorimetric L-Lactate Assay Kit |
13815 |
AAT Bioquest |
200 Tests |
EUR 306 |
|
EZScreen? Lactate Colorimetric Assay Kit (384 Well) |
K951-384 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 555 |
PicoProbe? D-Lactate Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K668-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 539 |
D-Sorbitol Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1473 |
Fitzgerald |
100 assays |
EUR 809 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of D-Sorbitol in the research laboratory |
D-Sorbitol Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K631-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 582 |
D-Mannitol Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K644-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 582 |
D-Sorbitol Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2135-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 599 |
Lactate Assay Kit |
55R-1450 |
Fitzgerald |
100 assays |
EUR 844 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lactate in the research laboratory |
Lactate Assay Kit |
55R-1469 |
Fitzgerald |
100 assays |
EUR 844 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lactate in the research laboratory |
Amplite™ Fluorimetric D-Lactate Assay Kit |
13810 |
AAT Bioquest |
200 Tests |
EUR 306 |
|
D-Gluconate (D-Gluconic Acid) Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K683-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 610 |
Amplite™ Colorimetric L-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Assay Kit |
13813 |
AAT Bioquest |
200 Tests |
EUR 306 |
|
EZScreen? Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit (384-well) |
K953-400 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 555 |
EnzyChrom Lactate Assay Kit |
ECLC-100 |
BioAssay Systems |
100 |
EUR 426 |
Description: Quantitative determination of L-lactic acid by colorimetric (565nm) method. Procedure: 20 min. Kit size: 100 tests. Detection limit: 0.05 mM. Shelf life: 6 months. Shipping: on ice; storage: -20°C. |
Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay Kit |
55R-1509 |
Fitzgerald |
500 assays |
EUR 758 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Lactate Dehydrogenase in the research laboratory |
Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay Kit |
abx096006-100Assays |
Abbexa |
100 Assays |
EUR 347 |
|
Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay Kit |
abx098441-Hitachi7170R132ml4R28ml4 |
Abbexa |
Hitachi 7170; R1: 32ml×4 R2: 8ml×4 |
EUR 222 |
|
Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay Kit |
abx098441-UniversalR160ml2R215ml2 |
Abbexa |
Universal; R1: 60ml×2 R2: 15ml×2 |
EUR 222 |
|
Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay Kit |
abx098441-UniversalR160ml2R230ml1 |
Abbexa |
Universal; R1: 60ml×2 R2: 30ml×1 |
EUR 222 |
|
Lactate Assay Kit (Fluorometric) |
MET-5013 |
Cell Biolabs |
100 assays |
EUR 450 |
Description: Our Lactate Assay Kit measures L-lactate in biological samples. Lactate is first oxidized by lactate oxidase, yielding pyruvate and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide released from this reaction is specifically detected by either a colorimetric or fluorometric probe in a 1:1 ratio. Lactate levels in unknown samples are determined based on a lactate standard curve. |
Lactate Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K2140-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 641 |
Phospholipase D (PLD) Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K725-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 457 |
D-2-Hydroxyglutarate (D2HG) Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K213-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 675 |
Amplite™ Fluorimetric D-Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Assay Kit |
13808 |
AAT Bioquest |
200 Tests |
EUR 306 |
|
EnzyFluo L-Lactate Assay Kit |
EFLLC-100 |
BioAssay Systems |
100 |
EUR 426 |
Description: Quantitative determination of L-lactate (lactic acid) by fluorimetric (530/585 nm) method. Procedure: 60 min. Kit size: 100 tests. Detection limit: 1 µM . Shelf life: 6 months. Shipping: on ice; storage: -20°C. |
PicoProbe? Lactate Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K638-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 620 |
RealQuant Lactate Dehydroganase Assay Kit |
L0100-010 |
GenDepot |
100 Assays |
EUR 583 |
D-Lactate ELISA Kit| General D-Lactate ELISA Kit |
EF019607 |
Lifescience Market |
96 Tests |
EUR 689 |
Glutathione Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1351 |
Fitzgerald |
100 assays |
EUR 706 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Glutathione activity in the research laboratory |
Methylglyoxal Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K500-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 528 |
Salicylate Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K494-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 544 |
Cobalt Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K505-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 457 |
Histamine Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K506-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 501 |
Nickel Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K510-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 457 |
Chloride Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K530-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 359 |
Lithium Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K545-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 620 |
Hydroxyproline Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K555-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 599 |
Glutamine Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K556-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 588 |
Tyrosine Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K573-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 550 |
Formate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K653-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 582 |
Isocitrate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K656-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 474 |
Acetate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K658-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 512 |
Phosphoglucomutase Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K774-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 615 |
Hexokinase Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K789-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 599 |
Methanol Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K898-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 664 |
Taurine Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K988-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 648 |
Chitosan Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K995-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 566 |
Asparagine Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K736-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 610 |
Phenylalanine Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K481-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 468 |
Acetoacetate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K650-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 773 |
Malate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K637-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 490 |
Glutamate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K629-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 539 |
Fumarate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K633-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 512 |
Heme Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K672-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 490 |
Hemoglobin Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K219-200 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 381 |
Glutathione Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K261-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 512 |
Fructosamine Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K450-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 620 |
Fructose Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K439-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 501 |
Magnesium Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K385-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 479 |
Urea Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K375-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 539 |
Ammonia Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K370-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 539 |
Iron Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K390-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 550 |
Sodium Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K391-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 773 |
Calcium Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K380-250 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 430 |
Zinc Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K387-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 490 |
AMP Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K229-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 577 |
Phosphate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K410-500 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 316 |
Acetylcholine Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
STA-603 |
Cell Biolabs |
96 assays |
EUR 473 |
Description: Cell Biolabs? Acetylcholine Assay Kits are a simple fluorometric or colorimetric assay that measures the amount of acetylcholine present in plasma or serum, tissue homogenates, or cell suspensionsin a 96-well microtiter plate format. Each kit provides sufficient reagents to perform up to 96 assays, including blanks, acetylcholine standards and samples. Sample acetylcholine concentrations are determined by comparison with a known acetylcholine standard. |
Alcohol Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
STA-620 |
Cell Biolabs |
100 assays |
EUR 519 |
Description: Cell Biolabs? Alcohol Assay Kits measure primary alcohols by an enzymatic, oxidation reaction, producing hydrogen peroxide which reacts with the kit?s probe. These assay kits come in either colorimetric or fluorometric. The colorimetric assay has a detection sensitivity limit of ~30 µM (0.0001 % w/v) and the fluorometric has a detection sensitivity limit of ~15 µM (0.00007 % w/v). They can detect various primary alcohols and are not ethanol specific. |
Glucose Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
STA-680 |
Cell Biolabs |
500 assays |
EUR 537 |
Description: The Glucose Assay Kit (Colorimetric) measures total glucose present in food or biological samples. Glucose Oxidase first oxidizes glucose, generating hydrogen peroxide that is detected by a colorimetric probe. |
Glycogen Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
MET-5022 |
Cell Biolabs |
100 assays |
EUR 479 |
Description: Our Glycogen Assay Kit (Fluorometric) measures glycogen in serum, plasma, urine, lysates, and cell culture supernatants. First, glycogen is broken down into glucose monomers by amyloglucosidase. Glucose is then oxidized by glucose oxidase, producing D-gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide reacts specifically with the kit?s Fluorometric Probe and is detected at ex. 530-570 nm/em. 590-600 nm. Glycogen levels in unknown samples are determined based on the provided glycogen standard curve. |
Starch Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
MET-5025 |
Cell Biolabs |
100 assays |
EUR 479 |
Description: Our Starch Assay Kit (Colorimetric) measures starch in food samples. First, starch is broken down into glucose monomers by amyloglucosidase. Glucose is then oxidized by glucose oxidase, producing D-gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide. The hydrogen peroxide reacts specifically with the kit?s Colorimetric Probe and is detected with a spectrophotometric plate reader at 540-570nm. Starch levels in unknown samples are determined based on the provided starch standard curve. |
Choline Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
MET-5043 |
Cell Biolabs |
96 assays |
EUR 473 |
Description: Cell Biolabs? Choline Assay Kits are simple assays that measure the amount of choline present in a variety of sample types in a convenient 96-well microtiter plate format. Each kit provides sufficient reagents to perform up to 96 assays, including blanks, acetylcholine standards and samples. Sample choline concentrations are determined by comparison with a known choline standard and measured on a colorimetric plate reader. |
Glutamate Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
MET-5080 |
Cell Biolabs |
200 assays |
EUR 490 |
Calcium Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2067-250 |
ApexBio |
250 assays |
EUR 432 |
Magnesium Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2068-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 502 |
Iron Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2069-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 544 |
Phosphate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
k2074-500 |
ApexBio |
500 assays |
EUR 293 |
Hydroxyproline Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2083-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 599 |
Glutamine Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2084-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 641 |
Glutathione Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2106-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 529 |
Glutamate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2133-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 544 |
Malate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2139-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 502 |
Hexokinase Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2179-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 627 |
Acetoacetate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2204-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 795 |
Acetate Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2209-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 529 |
Heme Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K2215-100 |
ApexBio |
100 assays |
EUR 502 |
PicoProbe? Lactate Dehydrogenase Activity Assay Kit |
K730-500 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 582 |
Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity Assay Kit |
K2228-500 |
ApexBio |
500 assays |
EUR 529 |
Urinary Creatinine Assay Kit |
UCR1 |
Detroit R&D |
1 Kit |
EUR 137 |
Caspase 3 Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1270 |
Fitzgerald |
25 assays |
EUR 277 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Capase 3 activity in the research laboratory |
Caspase 1 Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1273 |
Fitzgerald |
25 assays |
EUR 277 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Capase 1 activity in the research laboratory |
Caspase 8 Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1275 |
Fitzgerald |
25 assays |
EUR 277 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Capase 8 activity in the research laboratory |
Caspase 6 Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1277 |
Fitzgerald |
25 assays |
EUR 284 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Capase 6 activity in the research laboratory |
Caspase 2 Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1279 |
Fitzgerald |
25 assays |
EUR 303 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Capase 2 activity in the research laboratory |
Caspase 9 Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1281 |
Fitzgerald |
25 assays |
EUR 296 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Capase 9 activity in the research laboratory |
Caspase 5 Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1283 |
Fitzgerald |
25 assays |
EUR 303 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Capase 5 activity in the research laboratory |
Caspase 10 Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1285 |
Fitzgerald |
25 assays |
EUR 303 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Capase 10 activity in the research laboratory |
Caspase 4 Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1287 |
Fitzgerald |
25 assays |
EUR 312 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Capase 4 activity in the research laboratory |
Nitric Oxide Colorimetric Assay Kit |
55R-1352 |
Fitzgerald |
200 assays |
EUR 689 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of Nitric Oxide activity in the research laboratory |
GST Colorimetric Activity Assay Kit |
55R-1353 |
Fitzgerald |
100 assays |
EUR 706 |
Description: Assay Kit for detection of GST activity in the research laboratory |
Ammonia Colorimetric Assay Kit II |
K470-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 539 |
Glucose Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K606-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 512 |
Adipogenesis Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K610-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 430 |
Pyruvate Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K609-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 610 |
Bacterial Counting Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K511-2500 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 620 |
Bacterial Counting Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K511-500 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 349 |
Phenolic Compounds Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K527-200 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 550 |
Aspartate Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K552-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 490 |
Albumin (BCG) Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K554-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 294 |
Transglutaminase Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric) |
K571-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 718 |
Phosphatidylcholine Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K576-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 490 |
Fumarase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K596-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 653 |
Sphingomyelinase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K599-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 446 |
Sphingomyelin Quantification Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K600-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 479 |
Citrate Colorimetric/Fluorometric Assay Kit |
K655-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 539 |
Invertase Activity Colorimetric Assay Kit |
K674-100 |
Biovision |
|
EUR 490 |
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) has hardly ever been used in the subject of therapeutic drug monitoring, partly due to the complexity of the ionization processes between the compounds to be quantified and the many MALDI matrices obtainable. The improvement of a viable MALDI-MS technique that meets regulatory tips for bioanalytical technique validation requires prior information of the suitability of (i) the MALDI matrix with the analyte class and properties for ionization, (ii) the crystallization properties of the MALDI matrix with automation options, and (iii) the MS instrumentation used to obtain delicate and particular measurements in order to decide low pharmacological drug concentrations in organic matrices.